Kwayoyin rigakafi masu ban mamaki suna bayyana a cikin mahaifa

Kwayoyin rigakafi masu ban mamaki suna bayyana a cikin mahaifa

A yayin aikin taswirar kowane tantanin halitta da ke jikin dan Adam, wata tawagar masana kimiyya ta kasa da kasa ta gano wani nau'in kwayar cutar da ke bayyana a farkon mahaifa, wanda kuma ake ta cece-kuce game da wanzuwarta a cikin 'yan Adam har zuwa yanzu, in ji Live Science, da ke nuni da kimiyya.

Kwayoyin ban mamaki, waɗanda aka sani da ƙwayoyin B-1, an fara gano su a cikin beraye a cikin 2018s, bisa ga nazarin kimiyya na 1 da aka buga a cikin Journal of Immunology. Kwayoyin B-1 suna fitowa da wuri a cikin haɓakar linzamin kwamfuta, a cikin mahaifa, kuma suna samar da ƙwayoyin rigakafi daban-daban idan an kunna su. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan ƙwayoyin rigakafi suna manne wa ƙwayoyin linzamin kwamfuta kuma suna taimakawa cire matattu da ƙwayoyin da ke mutuwa daga jiki. Kwayoyin B-XNUMX masu kunnawa suma suna yin rigakafi waɗanda ke aiki azaman layin farko na kariya daga ƙwayoyin cuta, kamar ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta.

Farkon juyin halittar mutum

Bayan da aka gano kwayoyin B-1 a cikin mice, ƙungiyar bincike ta ruwaito a cikin 2011 cewa sun sami daidaitattun kwayoyin halitta a cikin mutane, amma ba a yarda da waɗannan sakamakon a matsayin tabbataccen shaida ba.

Thomas Rothstein, farfesa kuma shugaban kafa na Sashen Nazarin Magungunan Bincike kuma darektan Cibiyar Kula da Immunobiology a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Western Michigan Homer Stryker, wanda shine farkon mai bincike a cikin binciken da ya gabata, ya ce akwai kwararan shaidun cewa ƙwayoyin B-1 sun bayyana a ciki. farkon yarinta.Ci gaban ɗan adam, a lokacin farkon watanni na farko da na biyu na ciki.

Rothstein, wanda ba shi da hannu a cikin sabon binciken, ya kara da cewa sakamakon binciken na baya-bayan nan "ya tabbatar da kuma fadada aikin da aka buga (bincike) a baya."

ci gaban tsarin rigakafi

Dokta Nicole Baumgarth, farfesa a Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka ta UC Davis, wacce ita ma ba ta shiga cikin sabon binciken ba, ta ce ta yi imanin cewa sabon bayanan binciken da binciken ya kasance "mafi dacewa tukuna" kuma yana goyon bayan ra'ayin cewa mutane. dauke da kwayoyin B-1, ya kara da cewa a ka'idar, kwayoyin B-1 za su iya taka muhimmiyar rawa a farkon ci gaba, kuma ta hanyar nazarin su, masana kimiyya za su iya inganta fahimtar yadda ci gaban tsarin garkuwar jikin dan adam ya kasance.

Atlas na jikin mutum

An buga sabon binciken tare da wasu bincike guda uku, wanda Human Cell Atlas Consortium (HCA) ta gudanar, ƙungiyar bincike ta duniya da ke aiki don gano wuri, aiki da halaye na kowane nau'in tantanin halitta a cikin jikin mutum. Tare, binciken guda huɗu sun haɗa da nazarin kwayoyin halitta fiye da miliyan ɗaya, wanda ke wakiltar fiye da nau'in sel daban-daban na 500 daga fiye da 30 daban-daban nama.

Yayin da shugabar mai bincike a cikin sabon binciken, Farfesa Sarah Tishman, shugabar Sashen Cytogenetics a Cibiyar Wellcome Sanger da ke Ingila kuma shugabar Kwamitin Tsara Ayyuka na Atlas of Human Cell, ta ce binciken shine "Taswirar Google na jikin mutum, gami da cikakken nuni” na kowane sel da wurinsu.

tasowa nama

Farfesa Tishman da abokan aikinsa kwanan nan sun mai da hankali kan ƙoƙarinsu kan ƙwayoyin rigakafi, musamman, ƙwayoyin rigakafi waɗanda ke fitowa a farkon haɓakar ɗan adam. Binciken ya haɗa da sel daga ƙwayoyin kyallen takarda guda tara masu tasowa, irin su thymus, glandon da ke yin ƙwayoyin rigakafi da hormones, da jakar gwaiduwa na tayin, ƙaramin tsari wanda ke ciyar da tayi a farkon ciki. Duk samfuran nama da ƙungiyar ta bincika sun fito ne daga Resource Developmental Biology Resource, bankin nama na Burtaniya wanda ke adana ɗan tayin da naman tayi, tare da rubutaccen izini daga masu ba da gudummawa.

Sirara fiye da gashin mutum

Gabaɗaya, bayanan sun ƙunshi farkon lokacin haɓakawa daga makonni huɗu zuwa 17 bayan hadi, lokacin farkon farkon da na biyu na ciki. Farfesa Tishman ya ce masu binciken sun dauki hotuna masu inganci na wannan nama a ma'aunin inci 0.001 (50 microns), wanda ya fi na dan adam sirara. A matakin tantai guda ɗaya, ƙungiyar ta bincikar duk 'rubutun RNA' a cikin kowane nama, waɗanda ke nuna nau'in sunadaran da kowane tantanin halitta ke yi. Yin amfani da waɗannan kwafin, masu bincike na iya yin bayyani game da ainihi da aikin kowane tantanin halitta.

Ta hanyar wannan cikakken bincike, ƙungiyar ta gano sel waɗanda suka dace da bayanin ƙwayoyin B-1 da aka samu a cikin beraye, dangane da halayensu da lokacin bayyanar.

B-2. Kwayoyin

"A cikin tsarin bera, ƙwayoyin B-1 suna bayyana da wuri - sun fara bayyana," in ji Dokta Rothstein. Wani nau'in tantanin halitta daban-daban, wanda ake kira B-2 daidai, sannan ya fito bayan ƙwayoyin B-1 na farko kuma a ƙarshe ya zama mafi yawan nau'in tantanin halitta B a cikin linzamin kwamfuta. Yayin da Farfesa Tishman ya bayyana cewa ƙwayoyin rigakafi na iya taimakawa wajen sassaƙa sabon nama yayin da yake samuwa.

Gyaran nama

Dokta Baumgarth ya ce: "Lokacin da kuke tunani game da ci gaban tayin, gabaɗaya, ana yin gyaran gyare-gyare mai yawa a kowane lokaci." Alal misali, mutane da farko suna tasowa a tsakanin yatsunsu, amma yana sake dushewa kafin haihuwa. Ta ce mai yiyuwa ne kwayoyin B-1 su taimaka wajen sarrafa irin wannan datsa a cikin kyallen takarda yayin ci gaba, amma ta ce hasashe ne a bangarenta.

Ta ci gaba da yin hasashe cewa baya ga sassaƙa nama, ƙwayoyin B-1 za su iya ba da wani matakin kariya daga ƙwayoyin cuta ƙananan isa su ketare shingen placental.