Matan da suka canza tarihi kuma littattafai suka zalunta

Duk da irin rawar da suke takawa na mutumtaka, waɗannan mata biyu suna da ƙarancin matsayi idan aka kwatanta da sauran malamai.

Hoton Masanin Kimiyya Grace Eldring

A cikin shekaru talatin na karnin da ya gabata, wanda ya zo daidai da lokacin Kendrick da Eldring suna gudanar da bincike, tari na wakiltar babban kalubale ga bil'adama, a cikin Amurka, wannan cuta tana kashe mutane fiye da 6000 a kowace shekara, 95% daga cikinsu. yara ne, wanda ya zarce wasu cututtuka da yawa kamar su tarin fuka, diphtheria da zazzabi mai ja daga inda yawan mace-mace. Idan aka kamu da tari, majiyyaci yana nuna wasu alamun mura kuma zafinsa ya ƙaru kaɗan, haka nan kuma yana fama da busasshen tari wanda sannu a hankali yana ƙaruwa, sai kuma doguwar haƙo mai kama da kukan zakara.

Bayan duk wannan, majiyyaci yana fama da matsananciyar gajiya da gajiyawa wanda zai iya haifar da bullar wasu matsaloli da suka fi hatsari ga rayuwarsa.

Tun a shekara ta 1914, masu bincike sun yi kokarin yakar tari ta hanyoyi daban-daban, amma yunkurin nasu ya ci tura, domin allurar da aka sanya a kasuwa ba ta da wani amfani saboda gazawar masana kimiyya wajen tantance halayen kwayoyin cutar da ke haifar da ita.

Hoton likitan dan kasar Scotland James Lind

A farkon XNUMXs, masana kimiyya Pearl Kendrick da Grace Eldring sun ɗauki nauyin kansu don kawo ƙarshen wahalar da yara masu fama da tari. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsu, Kendrick da Eldring dukansu sun kamu da ciwon tari kuma sun warke, kuma dukansu sun yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a fannin ilimi kuma an motsa su don shaida wahalar yara masu wannan cuta.

Pearl Kendrick da Chris Eldring sun zauna a Grand Rapids, Michigan. A cikin shekara ta 1932, wannan yanki ya ga karuwar yawan kamuwa da cutar ta pertussis. Kowace rana, masanan biyu, waɗanda suka yi aiki a ɗaya daga cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje na gida na Sashen Lafiya na Michigan, suna tafiya tsakanin gidajen mutanen da ke fama da wannan cuta don samun samfuran ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke haifar da tari ta hanyar tattara ɗigon ruwa daga tari na yara marasa lafiya. .

Hoton Masanin Kimiyya Lonnie Gordon

Kendrick da Eldring sun yi aiki a kullum na tsawon sa'o'i kuma bincikensu ya zo daidai da wani lokaci mai wahala a tarihin Amurka, lokacin da kasar ta yi fama da bala'in bala'in bala'i, wanda ya takaita kasafin kudin da aka baiwa binciken kimiyya. Don haka, waɗannan masana kimiyya guda biyu suna da ƙarancin kasafin kuɗi wanda bai ba su damar samun berayen lab ba.

Hoton likitan dan kasar Amurka, Jonas Salk

Don magance wannan karancin, Kendrick da Eldring sun yi kokarin jawo hankalin masu bincike da likitoci da ma’aikatan jinya da yawa don taimaka musu da dakin gwaje-gwaje, kuma an gayyaci jama’ar yankin da suka fito da yawa, suka zo su dauki ‘ya’yansu. don gwada sabon rigakafin cutar tari. Kendrick da Eldring suma sun yi amfani da damar ziyarar uwargidan shugaban kasar Amurka Eleanor Roosevelt (Eleanor Roosevelt) zuwa Grand Rapids, kuma sun aike mata da takardar gayyata ta ziyarci dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma bin diddigin binciken, godiya ga wannan ziyarar. , Eleanor Roosevelt ya shiga tsakani don ba da wasu tallafin kuɗi don aikin rigakafin tari.

Hoton Alexander Fleming, wanda ya gano penicillin

Hoton Uwargidan Shugaban Kasar Amurka, Eleanor Roosevelt

A cikin 1934, binciken Kendrick da Eldring ya sami sakamako mai ban mamaki a Grand Rapids. Daga cikin yara 1592 da aka yi wa rigakafin cutar ta pertussis, 3 ne kawai suka kamu da cutar, yayin da adadin yaran da ba a yi musu allurar ba ya kai yara 63. A cikin shekaru uku da suka biyo baya, gwaje-gwaje sun tabbatar da ingancin wannan sabon allurar rigakafin tari, yayin da aikin yi wa rukunin yara 5815 rigakafin cutar ya nuna raguwar kamuwa da wannan cuta da kusan kashi 90 cikin dari.

Kendrick da Eldring sun ci gaba da bincike kan wannan allurar a cikin shekaru arba'in kuma sun ba da wakilcin kwararrun masana kimiyya da yawa don taimaka musu, kuma Loney Gordon yana cikin wadannan masana kimiyyar, yayin da na baya ya ba da gudummawa wajen inganta wannan rigakafin kuma ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga bayyanar allurar sau uku. DPT na maganin diphtheria da tari Kunci da tetanus