Kodi mikhalidwe ya umunthu imazindikiridwa ndi kupangidwa bwanji?

Akatswiri a zamaganizo nthawi zambiri amalankhula za makhalidwe ndi makhalidwe, koma makhalidwe ndi makhalidwe ndi chiyani ndipo amapangidwa bwanji? Kodi ndizochokera ku majini kapena kukulira komanso malo ozungulira? Ngati timaganiza kuti makhalidwe ndi zotsatira za majini, umunthu wathu umapangidwa kumayambiriro kwa moyo wathu ndipo zidzakhala zovuta kusintha pambuyo pake.

Koma ngati ndi zotsatira za kulera ndi malo ozungulira, ndiye kuti zochitika ndi zochitika zomwe timakumana nazo m'moyo wathu zidzakhala ndi gawo lalikulu pakupanga makhalidwe ndi makhalidwe awa, ndipo izi ndi zomwe zimatipatsa kusinthasintha kofunikira kuti tisinthe, kusintha ndi kusintha. kukhala ndi makhalidwe ena atsopano.

Kuzindikira chinthu chachikulu pakati pa chilengedwe ndi majini pakupanga mikhalidwe ndi mikhalidwe yaumunthu ndi chimodzi mwazovuta zazikulu zomwe akatswiri azakhalidwe amakumana nazo. Chifukwa majini ndi mayunitsi ofunika kwambiri a zamoyo omwe amatumiza mikhalidwe kuchokera ku mbadwo wina kupita ku wina, ndipo jini iliyonse imagwirizanitsidwa ndi khalidwe linalake, umunthu sudziwika ndi jini yeniyeni, koma ndi majini ambiri omwe amagwira ntchito pamodzi. Vuto silili locheperapo kumbali ya chilengedwe; Zisonkhezero zosadziwika bwino, zomwe zimatchedwa kuti zachilengedwe zomwe sizichitika mwa munthu payekha, zimakhudza kwambiri umunthu wa munthu, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosiyana komanso zosiyana.

Komabe, akatswiri a zachibadwa amakhulupilira kuti mikhalidwe ndi mikhalidwe yosakanikirana ndi cholowa, kulera, ndi chilengedwe. Amadalira njira zosiyanasiyana zofufuzira, makamaka zotsatira za maphunziro a banja, maphunziro a mapasa ndi maphunziro olera ana, kuti azindikire ndi kusiyanitsa pakati pa zisonkhezero za majini ndi chilengedwe momwe zingathere.

Kufunika kwa zochitika pa mapasa

Chimodzi mwa zoyesera zofunika kwambiri za chikhalidwe cha anthu zomwe kafukufuku wa makhalidwe aumunthu amadalira ndizochokera pa mapasa omwe amatengedwa ndi mabanja osiyanasiyana.

Cholinga cha kafukufukuyu ndikufufuza achibale omwe ali ndi chibadwa komanso amasiyana m'malo mwa kulera. Kuyesera kumeneku kumathandiza poyeza mphamvu ya majini popanga mikhalidwe ndi mikhalidwe ya munthu.

Ngati choloŵa ndicho chifukwa cha kufalikira kwa mikhalidwe ndi mikhalidwe kuchokera kwa makolo owabala kupita kwa ana, ndiye kuti mikhalidwe ndi mikhalidwe ya ana oleredwa iyenera kukhala yofanana ndi ya makolo awo owabala osati makolo awo owalera. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ngati mmene analeredwera ndiponso malo oyandikana nawo amakhudza makhalidwe a munthu, ndiye kuti mikhalidwe ya ana oleredwa iyenera kufanana ndi makolo awo owalera osati makolo awo owabereka.

Chimodzi mwa zoyesererazi ndi Minnesota Experiment, momwe mapasa oposa 100 adaphunziridwa pakati pa 1979 ndi 1990. Gululi linaphatikizapo mapasa onse ofanana (mapasa ofanana amene anatuluka dzira limodzi lomwe linagawanika kukhala mazira aŵiri pambuyo pa ubwamuna, zomwe zinachititsa kuti pakhale mluza woposa mmodzi) ndi mapasa osafanana (osiyana amene anatuluka m’mazira aŵiri osiyana) amene anatuluka. pamodzi, kapena m’modzi. Zotsatira zinavumbula kuti umunthu wa mapasa ofanana anali ofanana kaya analeredwa m’nyumba imodzi kapena m’mabanja osiyanasiyana, ndipo izi zikusonyeza kuti mbali zina za umunthu zimakhudzidwa ndi majini.

Koma zimenezi sizikutanthauza kuti chilengedwe sichimathandiza kuumba umunthu. Izi n’zosadabwitsa, chifukwa kafukufuku wa ana amapasa amasonyeza kuti mapasa ofanana amagawana pafupifupi 50 peresenti ya makhalidwe ofanana, pamene mapasa amagawana pafupifupi 20 peresenti. Choncho, tinganene kuti makhalidwe athu amapangidwa ndi chibadwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimagwirizanitsa wina ndi mzake m'njira zosiyanasiyana kuti apange umunthu wathu.

Kulera nthawi zina kumakhala ndi ntchito yochepa

Kuyesera kwina kochititsa chidwi kunachitika ndi katswiri wa zamaganizo wa ku America Peter Neubauer, kuyambira 1960, pa nkhani ya ana atatu: David Kellman, Bobby Shafran, ndi Eddie Galland (mayina awo osiyana a mabanja chifukwa cha chiyanjano cha aliyense wa iwo ku banja la omwe adawalera. ). Kumene nkhaniyi inayamba m'chaka cha 1980 AD, pamene Bobby Shafran adapeza kuti anali ndi mchimwene wake. Awiriwo adakumana, ndipo pokambirana zidawululidwa kuti adaleredwa, ndipo posakhalitsa adatsimikiza kuti anali mapasa. Miyezi ingapo pambuyo pake, David Kellman - mapasa awo achitatu - adawonekera pachithunzichi. Wotsirizirayo adadabwa kwambiri ndi kufanana ndi kufanana pakati pa iye ndi Bobby ndi Eddie, kuphatikizapo zochitika za mneneriyo. Pambuyo pake adapeza kuti anali ana atatu omwe adaleredwa kuti aleredwe amayi awo atavutika ndi matenda amisala. Atatengedwa ndi mabanja osiyanasiyana, adayikidwa pansi pa kafukufuku wa akatswiri a maganizo awiri, Peter Neubauer ndi Viola Bernard mogwirizana ndi New York Adoption Agency yomwe imayang'anira kulera ana amapasa ndi atatu. Cholinga cha phunziroli chinali kudziwa ngati mikhalidweyo ndi yobadwa kapena yopezedwa. Ana atatuwa analekanitsidwa wina ndi mnzake akadali makanda, ndi cholinga chophunzira ndi kufufuza. Aliyense wa iwo anaikidwa ndi banja lomwe linali losiyana ndi banja la mnzake pankhani ya maphunziro ndi mlingo wachuma. Phunziroli linaphatikizapo kuyendera mapasa nthawi ndi nthawi ndikuwayesa ndi mayeso enieni. Komabe, poonerera kukumana ndi mapasawo, onse anavomereza kuti maubale a abale anapangidwa mofulumira kwambiri kotero kuti zinawoneka ngati kuti sanapatuke kapena kuti sanaledwe ndi mabanja atatu osiyana. Komabe, m’kupita kwa nthaŵi, kusiyana pakati pa mapasawo kunayamba kuonekera, chofunika kwambiri chimene chinali chokhudzana ndi thanzi la maganizo, kotero kuti ubale waubale pakati pawo unasokonekera, ndipo atatuwo anavutika ndi matenda a maganizo kwa zaka zambiri, mpaka mmodzi wa iwo. Eddie Galland adadzipha mu 1995.

Tsimikizirani ntchito ya genetic factor

Zina mwa nkhani zomwe Neubauer adaphunzira ndi za mapasa Paula Bernstein ndi Alice Shane, omwe anatengedwa ngati makanda m'mabanja osiyanasiyana.

Alice akunena za momwe anakumana ndi mlongo wake wamapasa, kuti, atatopa kuntchito m'mawa wina akugwira ntchito yojambula mafilimu ku Paris, maganizo ake anamupangitsa kufunsa za makolo ake omubereka. Mayi ake omulera anali atamwalira kale ndi khansa Alice ali ndi zaka 28. Chifukwa chake ndidayamba kusaka pa intaneti, ndipo msakatuli wosaka adawonetsa zotsatira zingapo, kuphatikiza likulu lomwe lidatengera njira zakulera. Adalumikizana ndi malowa, kufuna kudziwa chilichonse chokhudza makolo ake omubereka komanso banja lomwe adachokera. Zowonadi, patatha chaka, adalandira yankho, ndipo adadziwitsidwa za dzina lake loyambirira, komanso kuti adabadwira kwa mayi wazaka XNUMX. Chomudabwitsa n’chakuti anauzidwa kuti ndi mapasa a mlongo wake, ndipo kuti iyeyo ndiye womalizira. Alice anali kusangalala ndipo adatsimikiza mtima kuti adziwe zambiri za mapasa ake. Zowonadi, adapatsidwa chidziwitsochi ndipo Alice adakumana ndi mlongo wake Paula Bernstein ku New York City, komwe amakhala ndikugwira ntchito ngati mtolankhani wamakanema ndipo ali ndi mwana wamkazi dzina lake Jesse. Amapasa awa amagawana malingaliro opanga, amagwira ntchito m'makampani opanga mafilimu ndi utolankhani, ndipo amakhala ndi zokonda zofananira, ngakhale alongo awiriwa sanakumane mpaka zaka makumi atatu ndi zisanu, ndipo sanagawana nawo malo oleredwa. Komabe, kufanana kwa mikhalidwe kumatsimikizira kukhalapo kwa gawo la chibadwa.
Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti kuyesa kwa Peter Neubauer kumasiyana ndi maphunziro ena amapasa chifukwa amagwiritsa ntchito mayeso ndi mayeso kwa mapasa kuyambira ali mwana. Ndipo zotsatira zonsezi zomwe zinalembedwa zinali popanda aliyense kudziwa, ngakhale mapasa kapena makolo olera, kuti ndi omwe adafunsidwa pa phunziroli. Izi zikhoza kukhala zabwino kuchokera kumaganizo a sayansi, popeza zotsatira zotengedwamo zimawonjezera zambiri pa nkhani ya makhalidwe ndi makhalidwe aumunthu, koma panthawi imodzimodziyo zimaphwanyabe mfundo za sayansi zomwe zimaphwanya ufulu wofunikira kwambiri. mwa mapasa amenewa kuti azikhala limodzi ngati abale. Chodabwitsa n'chakuti zotsatirazo zinasungidwa ndipo sizinasindikizidwe mpaka nthawi ino. Kumene zolemba za kuyesa kwa Neubauer ku Yale University ku America zidatsekedwa mpaka 2065 AD.

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