Yintoni ubudlelwane bobukrelekrele nemfuzo?

Ubukrelekrele, ufuzo kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kwabo, imbali ende yeengxabano zoluvo malunga nobume bobukrelekrele kunye nabamiselweyo. Ukususela ekusekweni kwayo njengenzululwazi ezimeleyo ngo-1879, ipsychology iye yabona iithiyori ezininzi, nganye kuzo ivakalisa uluvo olwahlukileyo. Ezi thiyori zinokwahlulwa, ngokwe-"Oxford Handbook", zibe zizikolo ezibini zokucinga. Eyokuqala icinga ukuba sinye kuphela isakhono sobukrelekrele ngokubanzi. Abanye babo baye bathi ilungisiwe kwaye inxulumene nemfuzo yomntu ngamnye, njengoko uninzi lwabanini besi sikolo bekholelwa ukuba obu bulumko bunokulinganiswa ngovavanyo ngokubanzi olusetyenziswa kuyo yonke indawo kwaye kuzo zonke iimeko. Isikolo sesibini sithatha ukuba kukho iindlela ezininzi zobukrelekrele, ezingalungiswanga kwaye uninzi alunakulinganiswa ngezi ndlela zemveli.

Ithiyori yobukrelekrele enamacala amathathu, eyaqulunqwa nguRobert Sternberg weYunivesithi yaseYale ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX, yeyesikolo sesibini. Isekelwe kumacala amathathu, kwaye imilinganiselo nganye inxulumene nohlobo oluthile lobukrelekrele. Obu bulumko buguqulelwa ngempumelelo kwimpilo yemihla ngemihla ehambelana neemeko ezithile kunye nezitshintshayo kunye nokusingqongileyo. Ngoko ke, ngokwembono yakhe, ininzi yabo ayinakulinganiswa kwaye ihlolwe ngemigangatho jikelele; Kodwa kukho imigangatho emininzi kwaye ayilungiswanga. Oko kukuthi, kuxhomekeke "kukwazi komntu ukwazi amandla akhe kunye nobuthathaka bakhe kunye nendlela yokuphucula amandla kunye nokunciphisa ubuthathaka," utsho. Imilinganiselo emithathu yile:

1. Umlinganiselo osebenzayo, onxulumene nokukwazi komntu ukuhlangabezana neengxaki ajamelana nazo kubomi bemihla ngemihla; Umzekelo, ekhaya, emsebenzini, esikolweni naseyunivesithi. Amaxesha amaninzi, obu buchule buyacaca, kwaye buqiniswa ngokuhamba kwexesha ngokuziqhelanisa. Kukho abantu abachitha ixesha elininzi kumsebenzi othile baze bafumane ulwazi oluncinane. Ngokuphathelele abo banengqondo esebenzayo, banamandla amakhulu okuziqhelanisa nayo nayiphi na imeko entsha, kunye nendlela yokukhetha iindlela ezintsha zokujongana nayo, kunye nefuthe kuyo.

2. Umlinganiselo owenziweyo kukuqulunqwa kwezisombululo ezingaqhelekanga nezizaziwa ngaphambili, iikhonsepthi kunye neethiyori. Ukuba mtsha, ukuyila kubuthathaka kwaye akuphelelanga kuba intsha. Ngaloo ndlela, ayinakuphononongwa kwaye ihlolwe ngokuchanekileyo. U-Sternberg uphinde wagqiba kwelokuba abantu abayilayo bayila kwiindawo ezithile kunezinye; Ukwenziwa kwezinto ezintsha akuyonto yonke.

3. Umlinganiselo wokuhlalutya, onxulumene nokukwazi ukuhlalutya, ukuvavanya, ukuthelekisa kunye nokuthelekisa, kwaye ezi zakhono zidla ngokufunyanwa, mhlawumbi kwabanye kubomi bemihla ngemihla, okanye esikolweni naseyunivesithi, kwaye zinokuvavanywa ngeendlela ezithile zemveli.