Ezona seismometers zichanekileyo

 Ezona mitha zenyikima zichanekileyo ehlabathini ngaphandle kweRichter zininzi kwaye zahlukene

Abantu bacinga ukuba iinyikima zilinganiselwe kwaye zinokwenzeka kuphela amaxesha ambalwa ngonyaka, kodwa inyaniso kukuba iinyikima zenzeka rhoqo, kodwa uninzi lwazo lubuthathaka kangangokuba asiziva.

Abenzi bungozi, ngokutsho kwephephancwadi.inzululwazi yaseMelika".

Kodwa njengoko kwenzekayo ngenyikima etshabalalisayo eyantlitha imimandla yaseTurkey neSiriya, kukho iinyikima zomhlaba ezinkulu

Inokubangela iintlekele ezinkulu kwinqanaba lomntu kunye nezinto eziphathekayo, kwaye kukho imilinganiselo emininzi yokulinganisa ubunzulu beenyikima kunye neenyikima.

"I-Richter" yeyona nto ixhaphakileyo kwaye isetyenziswa kumajelo eendaba.

Nangona inkqubo yezenzululwazi yale mihla ithabathel’ indawo isikali sikaRichter santlandlolo nezinye, izikali ezichane ngakumbi,

Isikali sikaRichter sisakhankanywa kwiingxelo zeendaba eziphathelele ubunzulu beenyikima.

njengelona gama lixhaphakileyo. Ezi zilandelayo zezona zikali zibalulekileyo izazinzulu zithembele kuzo ukuze zilinganise iinyikima.

Richter kunye "nenyikima ephakathi"

Isikali seRichter sisikali sobungakanani esisetyenziselwa ukulinganisa ubunzulu beenyikima, okanye ubukhulu bamandla azo.

Oku kwenziwa ngokumisela ubungakanani bobude belonaza likhulu lenyikima elifunyenwe kumgama othile ukusuka kumthombo wenyikima ngexesha lenyikima.

Umlinganiselo weRichter ekuqaleni wawuyilelwe ukulinganisa ubunzulu beenyikima ezilinganiselweyo;

Le yindlela umlinganiselo oye wavela ngayo

Olu luluhlu lwamandla ukusuka kwi-3 ukuya kwi-7 degrees kuphela, kodwa ukuvela kwenani leenyikima ezinamandla ngakumbi kunezo ziseMazantsi eCalifornia,

Oku kwakhokelela ekuphuhlisweni kwesikali ukuze sikwazi ukulinganisa ubunzima benyikima obudlula i-7 degrees, ngokutsho kwewebhusayithi.Michigan Tech".

Isikali seRichter sisuka kwi-1 ukuya kwi-10, ngoko ke ukwanda kwe-1 kwisikali se-Richter kuthetha ukonyuka kwamandla enyikima ukusuka kwiyunithi encinci.

ngezihlandlo ezili-10, ngokomzekelo, inyikima enomlinganiselo wesi-2 kumlinganiselo weRichter inamandla ngokuphindwe kalishumi kunenyikima.

Enobunzulu be-1 Richter kwaye ngoko yomelele ngokuphindwe kashumi, hayi ngokuphindwe kabini.

Lilonke, ubunzulu bokungcangcazela buqala kwidigri enye ukuya kwezintathu kwisikali seRichter.

Akukho mntu uvakalelwa ngayo, kwaye ukuba isidanga sayo si-4, ibizwa ngokuba "yincinci", oku kuthetha ukuba abanye abantu bayayiva, kodwa ayibangeli ingozi enkulu.

Yaye ukuba ubukhulu benyikima bususela kwisi-4 ukusa kwisi-4.9, oko kubizwa ngokuba “yinyikima encinane.”

Iviwa ngabo bonke abantu, yaye ibangela ukuba ezinye izinto ziqhekeke, njengeefestile ezibuthathaka.

Ukuba ubukhulu benyikima buphakathi kwe-5 ukuya kwi-5.9 degrees, ngoko kuthathwa njengenyikima ephakathi.

Oko kukuthi, ezo zidala umonakalo kwezinye izakhiwo kunye nezibonelelo ezinezakhiwo ezibuthathaka okanye ezigugileyo.

Iinyikima zinamandla, zinokuqina phakathi kwe-6 kunye ne-6.9 degrees, kwaye zingabangela umonakalo omncinci okanye ophakathi kwiindawo ezihlala abantu.

Ngokumalunga nabemi, kwaye ukusuka kwi-7 ukuya kwi-7.9, iinyikima ziza phantsi kwegama elithi "iinyikima ezinkulu", oko kukuthi, ezo zibangela umonakalo omkhulu kwiindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba, kwaye zingabangela ukufa kwamakhulu okanye amawaka.

Yaye ukuba umlinganiselo wokungcangcazela ufikelela phakathi kwe-8 ne-9 degrees, oku kuthetha ukuba “inyikima enkulu” yenzekile.

Okubangela ukutshatyalaliswa okukhulu kunye nokulahlekelwa kobomi kwiindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba, kwaye kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ngoDisemba 26 wonyaka wama-2004 inyikima ye-9.15 yenzeke.

Idigri ephuma kwisiqithi saseSumatra, i-tsunami yasasazeka e-Indonesia, eThailand, eIndiya, eSri Lanka nakwamanye amazwe amaninzi kulo mmandla, ebangela ukutshatyalaliswa kweedolophana kunye neziqithi zabakhenkethi kunye nokubulala abantu abaphantse babe ngama-230 okanye abalahlekileyo.

Ngokwe-arhenteErinKwiindaba zabantu, zininzi iindlela zokulinganisa amandla enyikima ezithathe indawo yesikali

Richter phantsi kwiimodeli zokuqikelela ezilinganisa iimpembelelo zoqoqosho zeenyikima kuluntu.

Isikali somzuzu (Mw)

Ubukhulu bexesha lenyikima (Mw) yeyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo esetyenziswayo namhlanje ukulinganisa amandla enyikima emelwe sisixa samandla akhutshwa kuyo kumthombo wayo.

Yaphuhliswa nguHiroo Kanamori, uNjingalwazi Emeritus kwiZiko laseCalifornia leTekhnoloji.

Kwiminyaka engamashumi asixhenxe kwinkulungwane yokugqibela. Yayiyilelwe ukuba ithathe indawo yemilinganiselo emininzi yobukhulu benyikima, kuquka isikali seRichter

Eye yavela kwindawo kwiminyaka yamashumi amathathu enkulungwane edlulileyo, isekela uyilo lwayo kwiimpawu zejoloji zelizwe laseCalifornia kuphela, apho uninzi lweenyikima ezenzeka kuyo azinzulu.

Isikali sobukhulu benyikima sibonelela ngomlinganiselo ongaguquguqukiyo weenyikima zabo nabuphi na ubunzulu ngokuthathela ingqalelo eyona ndawo iqhekekileyo.

Kulo mongo, utshilo uTakeshi Koizumi, isazi ngeenyikima kwiArhente yeMeteorological Agency yaseJapan

“Amajelo eendaba asathetha ngesikali sikaRichter ngethuba esasaza iindaba ngeenyikima.

Kodwa izazinzulu zisebenzisa kuphela iqondo letorque. Iqondo letorque lingabalwa kwiifomyula ezahlukeneyo.

Wongezelela ukuba le datha ibaluleke kakhulu kwii-seismologists xa iqikelela i-tsunami kunye nezinye iingozi ezinxulumene neenyikima.

Isikali seMercalli esilungisiweyo (MMI)

Isikali seMercalli esilungisiweyo sichaza iinyikima ngokweempembelelo zazo, apho amanani aqhelekileyo asetyenziselwa ukulinganisa amandla kunye neenombolo zamaRoma zisetyenziselwa ukubonisa impembelelo yenyikima.

Igama elithi impembelelo yenyikima libhekisa kubungakanani bokushukuma kunye nenqanaba lomonakalo kwindawo ethile.

Injineli yenyikima kwiziko lokuLungiselela iiNtlekele e-Bangkok, ePeranan Tuachiraporn, wachaza,

Ukuba “abantu abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba okukhona inyikima inamandla ngakumbi okukhokelela kumonakalo omkhulu,

Kodwa oku akusoloko kunjalo, njengoko umonakalo uxhomekeke kwindawo, ngoko ukuba ukude ne-epicenter yenyikima, unokungachaphazeleki kakhulu ngobukhulu bayo kwaye uziva kuphela ukungcangcazela okuncinci.

UTowashiraborn walumkisa ngelithi inyikima eyenzeka kufutshane neChristchurch eNew Zealand ngoFebruwari 2011,

Ubungakanani be-6.1 bubungqina bokuba ukuthembela kumlinganiselo wamandla kuphela kunokulahlekisa

"Inyikima epholileyo enobungakanani obungekho ngaphezulu kwe-6.1 inokubangela umonakalo omkhulu kunye nokulahleka kobomi ukuba yenzeke kubunzulu obunzulu."

Yayikufuphi kakhulu kwindawo enabemi abaninzi.”

I-Seismometer ye-Arhente yeMeteorological yaseJapan

Isesmometer ye-Arhente yeMeteorological Agency yaseJapan ilinganisa ubukhulu benyikima kusetyenziswa iiyunithi "ze-shindo".

Nangona ifana nesikali se-Mercalli esilungisiweyo, umahluko phakathi kwabo kukuba i-Japan Meteorological Agency isikali silinganisa umthamo ukusuka kwi-0 ukuya kwi-7, ngelixa isikali se-Mercalli esilungisiweyo sisuka kwi-1 ukuya kwi-12.

I-Japan Meteorological Agency isikali sisetyenziswa kuphela eJapan naseTaiwan, apho kukholelwa ukuba inika

Olona lwazi lukhawulezayo ehlabathini malunga nobukhulu beenyikima, kwaye kufakwe izixhobo zokubala ukulinganisa ubungakanani beenyikima.

kwilizwe liphela, ukwenza ukubala kube ngokukhawuleza kakhulu kwaye kukhupha izilumkiso ebantwini.

Ixesha lokwenyani loVavanyo lweNyikima yomhlaba lweMpendulo (PAGER)

Ngokuchasene nemvelaphi yengxoxo yamashumi eminyaka ubudala malunga nokuba ubungakanani okanye isikali sobukhulu sibonelela ngowona mlinganiselo ubalaseleyo weenyikima,

Ngo-2010 i-United States Geological Survey yenza iteknoloji

Uvavanyo olutsha olukhawulezileyo lwenyikima yehlabathi lwempendulo (PAGER).

Le teknoloji ihlola ukuhanjiswa kweenyikima, inani labantu kunye noluntu oluchaphazelekayo, ukufa kunye nelahleko

ukuvezwa kwezoqoqosho okunokubakho, ngokuthathela ingqalelo amanani abantu, iintlobo zezakhiwo, idatha malunga nemeko yezoqoqosho kunye nelahleko yabantu eqokelelwe kwiinyikima zangaphambili.

Inkqubo yoVavanyo lweXesha loNyaniso lweGlobal World yeResponse isentsha kubantu abaninzi.

Kodwa ulwazi olunikezayo luluncedo koorhulumente nakwii-arhente zoncedo.

Ukongeza ekuboneleleni ngedatha yokunciphisa emva kwentlekele, i-GSRT igqwesa ezinye iinkqubo zokulinganisa ngokubonelela ngolwazi olunceda ukulungiselela iinyikima.

Njengoko le nkqubo ibalaselisa ezona zakhiwo zibuthathaka zifuna ukuphuculwa, oku kubaluleke ngakumbi kumazwe asakhasayo apho abantu bangasoloko beyilandela ngokufanelekileyo imigaqo yokwakha.

Kodwa ngokutsho kweengcali, le nkqubo isafuna ulwazi oluninzi ngoorhulumente kunye noluntu lwenzululwazi

Kwaye amajelo eendaba, ngenxa yokuba ukulinganisa amandla kunye nokuqina kuphela akwanelanga ukubonisa ubuzaza beenyikima.