Ngaba i-IQ yethu iyancipha ngenxa yobudala?

Ngaba i-IQ yethu iyancipha ngenxa yobudala?

Uninzi lwethu lunokuthi luqhelane nombono wokuba njengoko sikhula, sikhula kancinci ngokwasengqondweni, kodwa ngaba oku kuncipha kunokulinganiswa okanye, ngamanye amazwi, ngaba i-IQ yethu iyehla ngobudala?

Umlinganiselo we-IQ

Ngokutsho kwengxelo epapashwe yi "Science Alert", iingcali zobukrelekrele, isayensi yokuziphatha kunye neengqondo zafuna ukuphendula le mibuzo, kwaye zaqala ngokubonelela ngenkcazo ye-IQ kunye nendlela yokulinganisa ngayo, njengoMichael Thomas, ingcali kwi-psychology kunye neuroscience. kwiYunivesithi yaseBirkbeck eNgilani, ithi i-IQ “Ngumlinganiselo wamanqaku afunyenwe kwimisebenzi emininzi, xa kuthelekiswa nendlela abanye abaqhuba kakuhle ngayo.”

Unjingalwazi uThomas wongeza ukuba iimvavanyo zobukrelekrele zivavanya izakhono ezahlukeneyo ezifana nokuba ingqondo igcina njani kwaye ifunda ulwazi, ukucinga okungabonakaliyo, kunye nokubonwa kwendawo, ecacisa ukuba i-IQ ibhekisa kumanqaku aqhelekileyo anxulumene nabanye abantu abakwiminyaka efanayo nomntu othathe. iimvavanyo. Ukuba ubukrelekrele bakhe buphakathi kweminyaka yakhe, i-IQ yakhe iya kuba yi-100.

Isizathu sokuzinza kwe-IQ

Unjingalwazi uTomas uthi ukuba uvavanyo lwe-IQ luthathwa rhoqo emva koko, oko kukuthi, ukuba umntu uthatha olunye uvavanyo kwiminyaka eyi-10, i-IQ yabo inokuthi ifane kakhulu. Isizathu sokuba iireyithi zihlale zihlala zilinganiswa nabanye abantu abakwiminyaka efanayo.

Unjingalwazi uAlan Kaufman, oyingcali kuvavanyo lobuntlola kwiYunivesithi yaseYale eUnited States, uchaza ukuba “I-IQ isoloko ibalwa ngokunxulumene nobudala bomntu, enoba buyiminyaka eli-10, eli-15, engama-25, engama-50, engama-72 okanye engama-88 ubudala. Abaneminyaka engama-25 ubudala bafaniswa nabaneminyaka engama-25 ngokwenani lezinto, besithi “baphendula ngokuchanekileyo kuwo nawuphi na umsebenzi abawunikiweyo, njengokuba abaneminyaka engama-XNUMX ubudala bethelekiswa nabanye abaneminyaka engama-XNUMX ubudala”.

U-Kaufman wongezelela ukuba, "Kwiqela ngalinye leminyaka, i-IQ eqhelekileyo ibekwe kwi-100. Kodwa asinakuthelekisa i-IQ eqhelekileyo kwiqela leminyaka yobudala ngenxa yokuba, ngokuchazwa, iqela ngalinye lilinganisa i-100."

Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulinganisa

Ukulinganisa ukuba i-IQ itshintshile kangakanani ixesha, uKaufman uthe, kufuneka sikwazi ukuthelekisa i-IQ yabantu abadala kunye nabalingane babo abancinci. Oku ngokuqhelekileyo akunakwenzeka ngenxa yokulinganisa kunye neendlela zokuvavanya kwaye ngoko ke indlela eyahlukileyo yokulinganisa i-IQ iyadingeka phakathi kwamaqela ahlukeneyo eminyaka afana nabancinci okanye abadala.

“Into yokuqala ekufuneka siyenzile kukufumana ‘imilinganiselo’ eqhelekileyo yokuthelekisa abantu abadala,” ucacisa ngelitshoyo uKaufman, ecacisa ukuba kuya kwenzeka ukuthelekisa indlela abantu abaneminyaka engama-70, engama-60, engama-50 nama-40 ubudala abaqhuba ngayo ngokuthelekisa imilinganiselo yereferensi. zimiselwe ulutsha.

"Kuphando lwam, sichaze abantu abancinci njengabaneminyaka engama-30 ubudala (ngokuqhelekileyo i-25 ukuya kwi-34 yeminyaka ubudala)," kusho uKaufman. Ngale ndlela, i-IQ eqhelekileyo yabantu abatsha iya kuba yi-100 kuba yindlela ephuhliswa ngayo imigangatho. Xa sithelekisa abantu abadala kubo bonke ubomi babantu abadala abancinci, iya kusixelela ukuba itshintsha njani i-IQ njengoko sikhula. ”

Iintlobo ezininzi zobukrelekrele

Xa ezi mvavanyo zilawulwa, uKaufman uthi, "kukho, kwindawo yokuqala, ukuhla okucacileyo [kwi-IQ], kodwa ayizizo zonke iintlobo zobukrelekrele ezihla ngesantya esifanayo, kuba iimvavanyo ze-IQ zivavanya iintlobo ezininzi zobukrelekrele kwaye zidibanise kunye. .

ubukrelekrele behlabathi

U-Kaufman wongezelela ukuba "Ubulumko behlabathi jikelele bungumxube weentlobo ezahlukeneyo zobukrelekrele, ezona zixhaphakileyo ziyi-intelligence elungelelanisiweyo kunye ne-crystallized intelligence edibeneyo-kunye nezakhono ezibizwa ngokuba yimemori yokusebenza kunye nesantya sokucubungula-ukuvelisa i-IQ yehlabathi okanye epheleleyo."

Uchaza ukuba “ubulumko obugudileyo okanye ukucinga okubhetyebhetye kubonisa amandla okucombulula iingxaki ezintsha, ezilolo hlobo olungafundiswayo esikolweni, ngoxa ubukrelekrele obuyikristale okanye ulwazi oluyikristale lulinganisa ukufunda nokucombulula iingxaki ezinxulumene nemfundo nenkcubeko.”

Utshintsho ngokweminyaka

UKaufman uhlabela mgama ecacisa ukuba ezi ntlobo zobulumko zibonakalisa iipatheni ezahlukeneyo ngokweminyaka.Kubukrelekrele obukhazimlisiweyo, “iba ngumlinganiselo wama-98 kwiminyaka engama-20-24, inyuka iye kwi-101 kwiminyaka engama-35-44, ngaphambi kokuba yehle iye kwi-100 (iminyaka eyi-45-54) , emva koko ama-98 (55-64), ama-96 (65-69), ama-93 ubudala (70-74) nama-88 (kwabangaphezu kweminyaka engama-75 ubudala).

ubukrelekrele fluid

I-intelligence ye-Fluid iyancipha ngokukhawuleza, kunye no-Kaufman ebonisa ukuba "iphezulu kwiminyaka eyi-20-24 (amanqaku angama-100), kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe iyancipha ukuya kwi-99 (25-34) kunye ne-96 (35-44) iminyaka ngaphambi kokuba iqale ukuhla ngamandla kwi-91 ekuqaleni. Ukususela kwiminyaka (45-54), emva koko ukuya kuma-86 ubudala (55-64), 83 (65-69 iminyaka), 79 ubudala (70-74), yaye ekugqibeleni ukuya kuma-72 (kwabangaphezu kweminyaka engama-75).

phakathi kwamashumi amabini

“Awona maxesha eempendulo akhawulezayo owafumanayo kuphakathi kwiminyaka yakho yamashumi amabini, kodwa (logama nje ungenayo isifo sengqondo esiyingozi), isigama sakho siya kwanda kubo bonke ubomi bakho,” utsho uNjingalwazi Thomas. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka engama-XNUMX, uninzi lwezakhono zokuqonda zisekwe kwinto ebizwa ngokuba “lulwazi lwekristale,” olunokuthi lwandiswe okanye lube bhetyebhetye kakhulu. Kodwa isantya anokwenza ngaso izinto singehla.”

Ukongezelela, isiphelo kukuba i-IQ yomntu ngamnye ayiyi kutshintsha kunye nobudala bakhe, kodwa ngokomyinge ezinye izakhono kunye nobuchule ziyancipha kunye nobudala ekukhanyeni kweendlela zangoku zokulinganisa kunye nokuvavanya.