Ingabe i-IQ yethu iyehla ngokuya ngeminyaka?

Ingabe i-IQ yethu iyehla ngokuya ngeminyaka?

Abaningi bethu bangase bawazi umqondo wokuthi njengoba sikhula, siya ngokuya sikhula ngokwengqondo, kodwa ingabe lokhu kuncipha kungalinganiswa noma, ngamanye amazwi, ingabe i-IQ yethu iyehla ngenxa yobudala?

Isilinganiso se-IQ

Ngokombiko oshicilelwe yi "Science Alert", ochwepheshe kwezobunhloli, isayensi yokuziphatha kanye nokusebenza kwengqondo bafuna ukuphendula le mibuzo, futhi baqala ngokunikeza incazelo ye-IQ nendlela yokuyilinganisa, njengoMichael Thomas, uchwepheshe we-psychology ne-neuroscience. evela eNyuvesi yaseBirkbeck eNgilandi, ithi i-IQ “iyisilinganiso samaphuzu atholakala emisebenzini eminingana, uma kuqhathaniswa nendlela abanye abaqhuba kahle ngayo.”

USolwazi Thomas wengeza ngokuthi ukuhlolwa kobuhlakani kuhlola amakhono ahlukene njengokuthi ubuchopho bugcina kanjani futhi bufunda ulwazi, ukucabanga okungaqondakali, kanye nokucutshungulwa kwendawo, echaza ukuthi i-IQ ibhekisela kumaphuzu ajwayelekile ahlobene nabanye abantu abaneminyaka efanayo nomuntu owathatha. izivivinyo. Uma ukuhlakanipha kwakhe kuyisilinganiso seminyaka yakhe, isikolo sakhe se-IQ sizoba ngu-100. Uma singaphezu kwesilinganiso, sizoba ngaphezu kwe-100 futhi ngaphansi kwesilinganiso singaphansi kwe-100.

Isizathu sokuzinza kwe-IQ

USolwazi Thomas uthi uma ukuhlolwa kwe-IQ kuthathwa njalo, okungukuthi, uma umuntu ethatha esinye isivivinyo phakathi neminyaka eyi-10, amaphuzu akhe e-IQ cishe afane kakhulu. Isizathu sokuthi amanani ahlala njalo ukuthi ahlala elinganiswa nabanye abantu abaneminyaka efanayo.

USolwazi Alan Kaufman, uchwepheshe wokuhlolwa kwezobunhloli waseYunivesithi yaseYale e-US, uchaza ukuthi “I-IQ ihlale ibalwa ngokuhambisana neminyaka yomuntu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ineminyaka engu-10, 15, 25, 50, 72 noma 88. Ngakho-ke abantu beminyaka yobudala bayaqhathanisa Abaneminyaka engu-25 ubudala baqhathaniswa nabaneminyaka engu-25 ubudala ngokwenani lezinto, bathi "baphendula kahle kunoma yimuphi umsebenzi abawenzayo, njengoba nje abaneminyaka engu-XNUMX ubudala beqhathaniswa nabanye abaneminyaka engu-XNUMX".

U-Kaufman uyanezela ukuthi, "Eqenjini leminyaka yobudala ngalinye, i-IQ emaphakathi isethwe ku-100. Kodwa ngeke sikwazi ukuqhathanisa i-IQ emaphakathi kulo lonke iqembu leminyaka yobudala ngoba, ngokwencazelo, iqembu ngalinye libalelwa ku-100."

izindlela ezahlukene zokulinganisa

Ukukala ukuthi ingakanani i-IQ eshintshile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uKaufman uthe, sidinga ukwazi ukuqhathanisa i-IQ yabantu abadala asebekhulile nabalingani babo abancane. Lokhu ngokuvamile akwenzeki ngenxa yezindlela zokulinganisa nezindlela zokuhlola ngakho-ke indlela ehlukile yokulinganisa ama-IQ iyadingeka phakathi kwamaqembu obudala ahlukahlukene njengabancane noma asebekhulile.

“Into yokuqala okudingeka siyenze ukuthola ‘izilinganiso’ ezivamile zokuqhathanisa abantu abadala,” kuchaza uKaufman, echaza ukuthi kuyokwenzeka ukuqhathanisa ukusebenza kwabantu abaneminyaka engu-70, 60, 50 kanye nengama-40, uma kuqhathaniswa nezindinganiso zokubhekisela ezikhona. zihlelelwe intsha.

"Ocwaningweni lwami, sichaze abantu abasha njengabaneminyaka engaba ngu-30 (imvamisa ineminyaka engama-25 kuye kwengama-34)," kusho uKaufman. Ngale ndlela, isilinganiso se-IQ sabantu abasha sizoba yi-100 ngoba yileyo ndlela amazinga athuthukiswa ngayo. Uma siqhathanisa abantu abadala phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwabantu abasha, kuzositshela ukuthi i-IQ ishintsha kanjani njengoba sikhula.”

Izinhlobo eziningi zobuhlakani

Lapho kwenziwa lezi zivivinyo, uKaufman uthi, “ekuqaleni, kukhona ukwehla okucacile [ku-IQ], kodwa akuzona zonke izinhlobo zobuhlakani ezehla ngenani elifanayo, njengoba ukuhlolwa kwe-IQ kuhlola izinhlobo eziningi zobuhlakani futhi kuhlanganiswe ndawonye. .

ubuhlakani bomhlaba wonke

U-Kaufman uyanezela ukuthi "Ubuhlakani bomhlaba wonke buyingxube yezinhlobo ezahlukene zobuhlakani, ezivame kakhulu ubuhlakani obulungiswayo kanye nobuhlakani obucwebezelayo obuhlanganisiwe-kanye namakhono abizwa ngokuthi inkumbulo yokusebenza kanye nesivinini sokucubungula-ukukhiqiza i-IQ yomhlaba wonke noma ephelele."

Uchaza ukuthi “ukuhlakanipha okusamanzi noma ukucabanga okuvumelana nezimo kubonisa ikhono lokuxazulula izinkinga ezintsha, zohlobo olungafundiswa esikoleni, kuyilapho ubuhlakani obucwebezelayo noma ulwazi oluyikristalu kulinganisa ukufunda nokuxazulula izinkinga ezihlobene nemfundo namasiko.”

Izinguquko ngokuya ngeminyaka

U-Kaufman uqhubeka echaza ukuthi lezi zinhlobo ezahlukene zobuhlakani zibonisa amaphethini ahlukene ngokuya ngeminyaka. Ngobuhlakani obucwebezelayo, “iba nesilinganiso esingu-98 lapho ineminyaka engu-20-24, ikhuphukela ku-101 lapho ineminyaka engama-35-44, ngaphambi kokuba yehlele ku-100 (iminyaka engu-45-54) . , bese kuba ngu-98 (55-64), bese kuba ngu-96 (65-69), bese kuba ngu-93 ubudala (70-74) bese kuba ngu-88 (kulabo abangaphezu kweminyaka engu-75).

ubuhlakani be-fluid

I-Fluid intelligence yehla ngokushesha okukhulu, uKaufman eveza ukuthi "ifinyelela phezulu eminyakeni engu-20-24 (amaphuzu angu-100), futhi kancane kancane iyancipha ibe yi-99 (25-34) kanye ne-96 (35-44) iminyaka ngaphambi kokuqala ukwehla kakhulu ku-91 ekuqaleni. Kusukela eminyakeni (45-54), bese kuba 86 ubudala (55-64), 83 (65-69 iminyaka), 79 ubudala (70-74), futhi ekugcineni 72 (kulabo abangaphezu kweminyaka engu-75).

phakathi namashumi amabili

“Izikhathi zokusabela ezishesha kakhulu ozitholayo ziseminyakeni yawo-XNUMX, kodwa (inqobo nje uma ungenayo ukuwohloka komqondo), amagama akho azokhula kukho konke ukuphila kwakho,” kusho uProfesa Thomas. Ekupheleni kweminyaka engu-XNUMX, amakhono amaningi okuqonda asekelwe kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ulwazi oluyikristalu," okungenzeka ukuthi lwandiswa noma oluvumelana nezimo kakhulu. Kodwa ijubane angenza ngalo izinto lingehla.”

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isiphetho siwukuthi i-IQ yomuntu ngamunye ngeke ishintshe ngeminyaka yakhe, kodwa ngokwesilinganiso amanye amakhono namakhono ayancipha ngokuya ngeminyaka ekukhanyeni kwezindlela zamanje zokulinganisa nokuhlola.